None of us know the workings of the question/answer ban. However, I would be very surprised if it penalised answers to deleted questions, especially if said answer had a positive score. Questions, even half-decent ones, get deleted quite regularly, so it would be somewhat unfair to penalise an answerer based on this.
The issue with deleted posts and the Q/A ban is that people often think that if they get downvoted, they'll just 'erase' this by deleting their answer. That isn't relevant to this post, so I don't really think it'll be a problem.
As for 'rescuing' the answer, you haven't actually lost it, because you can still see the question. (Well, I can see it because I have >10,000 rep; but according to my research on meta.SE, I think you should be able to as well, because you posted an answer. Since you could see that it was the Community bot that deleted it, I'm guessing I'm correct about that.) So you can still click on 'edit' to get the answer back ...
... and sure, nobody else can see it, but if you feel really strongly that this was something worth sharing, then you can re-ask the question and self-answer it. Obviously, you will want to try to avoid the issues that caused the original question to be closed. In this case, I think the following is good enough; it's mostly taken from the end of the existing question.
[Is there] a correlation between how many hydrogens an acid could donate and the strength of its first ionisation? [For example, phosphoric acid is relatively weak compared to sulfuric acid. Does this generalise to] triprotic acids usually [being] weaker than diprotic acids? Is that something to do with the bonds they have?
Now, in principle, the original question could have been edited, undeleted, and reopened. That's a discussion for another time...